The ancients who practised the Tao did not make use of it to render the people brilliant, but to make them simple and natural.
The difficulty in governing the people is through overmuch policy.
He who tries to govern the kingdom by policy is only a scourge to it; while he who governs without it is a blessing.
To know these two things is the perfect knowledge of government, and to keep them continually in view is called the virtue of simplicity.
Deep and wide is this simple virtue; and though opposed to other methods it can bring about a perfect order.
Translation: Walter Gorn Old, 1904 (public domain)
Sit With This
Where are you governing by cleverness — managing, strategizing, outwitting — something that has only ever asked to be governed simply?
A Practice
Pick one area you have wrapped in systems and tactics — food, focus, money, a relationship. Retire the cleverness for one week and govern it with a single plain rule, honestly kept. Notice whether the resistance you have been outwitting quiets down when there is nothing left to outwit.
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Western Commentary
This chapter holds a few lines a modern reader can trip over: the ancients, it says, used the Tao not to make the people brilliant but to keep them simple and natural — and a state governed by policy is a scourge to it. So begin where honesty begins: this is a 2,500-year-old observation about statecraft, set down in an age of scheming courts and clever ministers, recording something its author had watched come true — courts that ran on cunning bred subjects who learned cunning, and were undone by it. And simple and natural here is the same simplicity this book has been praising from the start: the uncarved block, the plain and unstrategic mind. The verse is not against understanding. It is against governing — anything — by cleverness.
Turn it inward, then, because the state you actually govern is the small state of the self, and its population is familiar: the appetites, the worries, the ambitions, the committee of voices that votes at midnight. Govern that state by cleverness and you get exactly what the verse predicts. The diet becomes a system to outwit; sleep becomes a set of hacks; the difficult conversation becomes a strategy — and every part of you learns the lesson the schemed-at always learn, which is to scheme back. Anyone who has tried to trick themselves into discipline knows the arms race that follows: the cleverer the plan, the cleverer the resistance. Overmuch policy, says the verse, is precisely the difficulty in governing — and a self that has learned too many angles is very hard to govern.
The blessing, says the verse, is governing simply — and from an institute built on study, let the distinction be said plainly: simplicity here is not the opposite of learning; it is the opposite of maneuvering. A plain rule honestly kept will outlast a brilliant system secretly resented. A family run on a few honest expectations breathes easier than one run on management. A team led by someone who says what is actually true, without spin, stops spending its intelligence on decoding the leader and starts spending it on the work. Watch what happens around the people who have given up cleverness: everyone near them slowly lays their own strategies down. Simplicity, it turns out, is contagious in exactly the way cunning is.
The chapter ends by giving this way of governing a name. Old calls it the virtue of simplicity, deep and wide; the title carries its older name, the mysterious excellence — and the verse adds one warning about how it feels from inside: it runs against the current, opposed to other methods. Going simple in a clever world looks like moving backwards; declining to maneuver looks like losing ground; for a while, the plain way is the one nobody applauds. The verse only asks you to hold the course long enough to see where it bends: held in view, the text says, this simple virtue brings about a perfect order — the wide, unforced agreement of a life no longer working against itself. Cleverness wins quickly, and small. This deep simplicity wins slowly, and entire.