The Tao Te Ching talks about governing more than about anything else. Large parts of it are addressed to someone who holds power over other people, so much of it reads as advice for anyone in charge — and it argues close to the opposite of what that advice usually says.

Its main claim is that the more visible your authority is, the weaker it is. Verse 17 ranks four kinds of leader: the best is one the people barely know is there, then one they love and praise, then one they fear, then one they despise. Being liked is already a step down from not being needed. The leader the book admires works on the conditions people are in rather than on their instructions, so that the people end up feeling they are running themselves.

The method it keeps recommending is taking things away rather than adding them. Rules tend to multiply the behaviour they were written to stop — verse 57 says that the more prohibitions there are the poorer people become, and the more laws are issued the more thieves there are. Prizes create the competition they were meant to reward. Force produces a reaction in kind, which the book treats as a plain fact about force rather than a moral judgement, and which is why several of these verses are about armies. What is left after those are removed is not a passive leader. It is one who acts earlier, more lightly, and further away from the visible problem.

The hard part is that almost none of this looks like work. A leader who stopped a problem before it started has nothing to point at. The book is clear about that cost and recommends it anyway.

7 verses

Verse 17 太上 Leadership

The Best Leader Is Barely Known

The clearest version of the argument, and it comes as a ranking: the best ruler is one the people hardly know exists, then one they love and praise, then one they fear, then one they despise. Under a good ruler, the verse says, the people think they are ruling themselves.

Verse 66 以其善下之 Lowliness

King of the Hundred Valleys

Why staying low gives you authority instead of costing you it. Rivers and oceans rule the hundred valleys because they lie beneath them. The advice is practical: keep your words below the people and your person behind them.

Verse 60 治大國若烹小鮮 Delicacy

Like Cooking a Small Fish

Govern a country the way you cook a small fish — handle it too much and it falls apart. The verse's own phrase is "without much business", and the point is a light touch.

Verse 57 以正治國 Non-interference

Order Without Forcing

The backfire list: more restrictions, poorer people; more weapons, more confusion; more laws, more thieves. This is the book's strongest claim that control produces the disorder it was meant to prevent.

Verse 3 不尚賢 Leadership

Without Contention

This one works on conditions rather than on people. Take away the ranking and the prizes, and there is nothing left for jealousy or theft to organise around in the first place.

Verse 68 不爭之德 Mastery

The Power of Not Contending

Skill and aggression treated as unrelated. The one who is good at fighting is not angry, and the one who is good at using people puts himself below them.

Verse 30 其事好還 Restraint

Force Rebounds

Force as something that reacts, with the evidence on the ground: where armies have camped, briers and thorns grow. Even the capable are told to do what is needed and stop there — not conceited, not boastful, not arrogant, not forceful.

A guided meditation and a short course for this topic are being written. Leave your email and we will tell you when it is ready.

This adds you to the Institute's mailing list. One click unsubscribes you, from any message we send.

Other people have said useful things about leadership. These talks are theirs, not ours: we did not make them, and we do not agree with every word in them. They are here because a second person explaining the same thing a different way is often what makes it land.

Lead Like the Great Conductors

Itay Talgam  ·  TED

Itay Talgam conducted orchestras before he began teaching leaders, and this talk compares six famous conductors by how much they control the players in front of them. The ones he rates highest do very little you can actually see, and the orchestra plays better for it. That is what verse 17 says on this page, moved into a concert hall: under a good leader, the people feel they are doing it themselves.

How to Start a Movement

Derek Sivers  ·  TED

Three minutes, and the argument is that we give leaders too much of the credit. Sivers watches a crowd form around one man at a festival and points out that the first person to join him is what turns him into a leader — not anything the man himself did. It is a smaller claim than verse 17 makes, but it comes from the same direction: what looks like authority is mostly other people deciding to move.

Why Good Leaders Make You Feel Safe

Simon Sinek  ·  TED

Sinek argues that people do their best work for someone who has put themselves between the group and the danger, which is close to verse 66 on this page — keep your words below the people and your person behind them. It is worth saying where he and the text separate. Sinek wants a leader who is trusted and admired, and verse 17 counts being loved and praised as already a step down from the leader nobody needs to think about. He travels a long way in the same direction and then stops.

Every verse is open. This is one way in, not the only one.

All topics The 81 Verses